Neuman System Model
To better understand this model, picture a sphere surrounded by several rings. The sphere represents an individual at their core, comprising each physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual aspect of themselves. Each ring is a line of defense to protect the person's structure. Each line of defense must remain intact or various stressors will breach the defenses and impact the individual at their core.
The outermost ring is a flexible line of defense, acting as a buffer zone for oncoming stressors. Overall wellness is dependent on it's integrity. The next ring is a standard line of defense, which provides stability for the individual. The final line of resistance is activated once the standard line of defense is breached and is a last resort to protect the individual from harm.
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Stress can arise from various factors. Intrapersonal stressors are those that come from within us, such as our emotions or physical illness. Some stressors are interpersonal and are caused by relationships or casual interactions. Others are extrapersonal and come from our environment. Stress can produce a positive change and encourage adaptation, or can have a negative outcome where poor coping leads to complete breakdown.
Through this theory, a holistic approach to care is key. Using primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions helps to promote stress reduction and overall wellbeing. Primary prevention reduces potential risk factors before damage occurs. Secondary prevention addresses the impact of current stressors and tertiary prevention helps restore wellbeing and resilience. This method supports the patient through every phase of recovery.
